Collaborative essay success

I’ve been marking the collaborative essays that my Grade 12 University level students recently submitted, and I must say that I’m thrilled.

Polished, perfect, thesis-argument-conclusion papers, they are not.

What they are is simply wonderful. They represent some of the finest thinking that I have seen expressed in high school writing to date.

In brief, the collaborative essay assignment asked students to select an interesting question about Hamlet and then, using the class blog portal, find other students who expressed different ideas about that question. Each student was expected to either work directly with or at least quote extensively from other students’ writing on the topic to create a unified final essay.

And the essays are truly fantastic to read. My hunch is that because they are in dialogue with one another, students are not intimidated by “expert” or “critical” opinions. Instead, faced with alternative opinions, students are considering the ideas, weighing the evidence, and then constructing their own arguments in response. The resulting essays have genuine purpose, instead of artificially constructed and horribly bland theses.

My hope is that they will remember this experience and be able to translate the thinking and writing to situations where they are dealing with published critics’ opinions.

Metacognition, an Optional Unit Test, and a Reading Narrative Essay

When my Grade 12 University level English class finished reading Ayn Rand’s The Fountainhead, they entered class prepared to write a unit test as a culminating activity for the three and a half weeks they had spent reading Rand’s tome. Once all were seated, and the last-minute speculative whispering regarding possible themes and important quotes that may appear on the test had all settled, I outlined the test that I had prepared for them. I carefully explained that ‘Part A’ was a multiple choice section that was not designed to insult their intelligence, but that the descriptors they would be expected to match were present to trigger some ideas for ‘Part B’, a more complex portion of the test where students would be asked to respond to important themes of the text. Finally, I explained that ‘Part C’ was where the money would be: a metacognitive portion of the test where they would be asked about the reading strategies they had been implementing and improving over the unit. I reminded them that for all who had already begun working on their Reading Narrative Essays that were to be due the following week, ‘Part C’ wouldn’t be that difficult because they would have already been thinking along these lines. I then announced that if it were true that they indeed were writing a test that day, I would ask them to place all of their answers on the sheet of full-scap that I would give them, but that because the test was canceled, this wouldn’t be the case!

Exclamations of relief and joy were immediately exhaled and praised towards a variety of deities throughout the room. Now grinning, I told them that the unit test was going to be optional, and that I wanted them all to spend the period focused on their reading narrative essays. Only once all of the essays were completed, graded, and returned, would I allow each of them to make a decision, for better or for worse, whether or not to write the unit test. I realize that many of the students tend to do particularly well on unit tests and are often able to buoy their otherwise weaker English grades, and, though I didn’t want to take that opportunity away from them, I wanted them to critically think about how they had been learning over the course of the unit, every bit as much as about what they had learned.

The Reading Narrative Essay is one of the ways to meet the specific curriculum expectations of metacognition. My colleagues and I often shy away from incorporating a lot of metacognition into our English classrooms, because it can be difficult to evaluate — this despite the fact that only overall expectations must each be evaluated, but specific expectations must only be introduced and not necessarily evaluated either formatively or summatively. Nevertheless, I have frequently reminded my Grade 12 class that I want them to be thinking about their own strengths and weaknesses, what they are doing to improve their own learning and how those strategies are working for them.

For the narrative essay, I asked the students to each tell me a story about their experience of reading The Fountainhead, a story that represented the growth of their understanding of the novel including the setbacks and frustrations they suffered, the diversions and surprises they encountered, the connections they were able to make and the epiphanies they experienced. I wanted their narrative essay to explain to me what the novel was like for them, how it clashed or resonated with their own identity and their own ideas. I realize that this narrative essay format wouldn’t qualify my students for any of this year’s contest topics, but I’m still hoping that a few of my students will revise their work to submit to the Ayn Rand Institute judges.

Some students seemed genuinely relieved at the idea of writing a narrative essay, thinking an assignment asking them to tell a story about their reading experience sounded easy. Others seemed anxious at the thought of stepping out of their own comfort zone — disappointed that they were not being given the opportunity to demonstrate how well they’ve mastered the five-paragraph essay format they’d honed over their previous three years of high school.

When the essays came in, I found them a joy to mark because they were all so radically different and each was truly unique. Some students struggled with the freedom of writing in the first person, slipping in and out of the persuasive literary essay format that they had become familiar with, and others frequently digressed into plot summaries. Most, however, delivered a genuine narrative essay, complete with their brief attempts at exploring questions they had about plot, themes, and characters, with their predictions and set-backs along the way, and with their major “Ah ha!” moments. I tried to prepare a flexible rubric, but will welcome any suggestions colleagues may have.

While the narrative essay may be asking both students and instructors alike to step out of their comfort zone of the traditional five-paragraph format, I believe it is a real attempt at helping students find their own voice. Certainly something that Howard Roark, and Ayn Rand herself, would surely be pleased with.

Adjusting our essay expectations

I’ve just returned from a great department meeting. A major topic of discussion was the essay and our expectations around that for each grade and level.

There were a few things about our conversation that encouraged and even inspired me in my work:

We were actually having a conversation about essays.

I know that for some teachers in some schools, talking about the sacred essay with an intent to alter expectations for it is simply not an option. I am grateful that I work with a team, and a department head, who are willing to review topics like this.

We all agreed that the five-paragraph essay can be over-used.

One of my colleagues described Grade 11 students who became anxious when she suggested that a topic might be better addressed in seven paragraphs instead of five. Another spoke of senior students asking for handouts to complete an essay.

Our consensus was that we will introduce the five-paragraph essay format in Grade 9 only, and explain that it is a crutch we are providing. Thereafter, fill-in-the-blank handouts and forms are going to be avoided, as many of us have already been doing.

We all agreed that we will use a greater number of alternate assessment tools.

The Ontario Curriculum has changed, and Media Studies now occupies one of four strands. (The other three are oral communication, reading, and writing.) With this shift, we agreed that we need to be introducing more multi-media projects as tools for assessment rather than relying on the essay to do so much.

In very practical terms, we sat down and hammered out the minimum number of essays and other standard written projects that we will expect from each level. This allows us to achieve some consistency across courses. (For example, all of the Grade 10 Academic students will complete a minimum of one essay and one persuasive piece, regardless of who they have as a teacher.)

All in all, I’m pleased with the progress that we made together in this meeting. I’m also relieved that I don’t have to try to extract 6 essays out of my Grade 12 students next semester.

Alternatives to the five-paragraph essay: Organic essays

This is part of a series exploring alternatives to the five-paragraph essay. You may also wish to read the series introduction or about collaborative essays, scripted dialogues, reading narratives, and multigenre papers.

The organic essay is one in which the form is intimately connected to the content of the essay. I do not find this easy to teach, but I do enjoy the submitted essays so much more than those that have been crammed into five neat paragraphs.

As we read through a text, I ask students to note in their ThinkBooks (journals) moments of interest or confusion. When we are finished reading, we go back through those moments and develop one or two genuine questions. I try to discourage those obvious thesis-leading questions, as students tend to hunt for those when they know an essay is coming up shortly.

Once we have those interesting questions, I ask students to start to collect any evidence that might have some bearing on the question. I encourage them to consider themselves forensic detectives in this exercise, avoiding any conclusions until they have assembled all of the relevant data.

We then begin to sort the data into relevant groups. I like to have students use mind maps or graphic organizers at this stage. Students could also write one piece of evidence on a single small piece of paper (or index card) and then pile those pieces into groups.

Once they have their groupings in place, then students get to develop a tentative thesis. I remind them again of the forensic detective approach here — their approach here should be to test their theory with the evidence at hand before developing final conclusions.

And at this point they can create an outlined structure for their essay. I ask students to write one sentence that summarizes each grouping / pile of evidence. They organize those sentences into an order that seems to best convey their evidence. Each sentence in their outline tends to become the topic sentence of a paragraph in the essay, which makes for easier drafting.

As I mentioned at the start, this is not an easy approach to teach or evaluate. Students often need to be introduced to basic classification skills before we can start this. Many of them get stumped and frustrated not having the usual five-paragraph crutch at hand.

Almost all, however, eventually wind up thinking their way through the writing process and create something worthwhile in the end.

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Alternatives to the five-paragraph essay: Reading narratives

This is part of a series exploring alternatives to the five-paragraph essay. You may also wish to read the series introduction or about collaborative essays and scripted dialogues.

Reading is a process that involves setbacks, challenges, breakthroughs, and for many of us moments of joy. As we read our understanding of the text grows and changes. It’s easy for me, and I suspect others, to forget that comprehension forms in this way, and to treat it more as a target that students more or less miss.

Inviting students to reflect on the reading process is a memorable way to consider how we have interacted with the text in an unfolding drama.

To set this up, I had students keep their “ThinkBooks” (reading journals) open as we read the text. We paused often to note any questions, predictions, contradictions, surprises, or moments of interest. I modeled this as we started out, wondering aloud about why a character might be motivated to act in a certain way, or why a particular word is used, or to describe what I pictured as we were reading.

After reading the text, I asked students to go back through their ThinkBooks and create a story about their reading process. I encouraged them to especially include the bits where they were confused, and how that was resolved, or where the text upended their expectations, and why.

What emerged were some thoughtful, interesting reflections on students’ adventures in reading. They weren’t polished pieces of writing, but they represented some real wrestling with the subject. I noticed that students seemed a bit more emboldened about reading after doing this, which I suspect was because we had spent a lot of time embracing the messiness of the process. In effect, this exercise seemed to affirm for students that it’s okay to wonder about what they’re reading; in fact, it’s part of the point of reading.

A final thought for my fellow Ontario teachers: this alternative gets at that tricky metacognition expectation that many of us are searching for ways to evaluate.

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Alternatives to the five-paragraph essay: Scripted Dialogue

This is part of a series exploring alternatives to the five-paragraph essay. You may also wish to read the series introduction and about collaborative essays.

Encouraging students to consider multiple perspectives to a text is a challenge I enjoy and find quite rewarding. It’s frankly exciting to see students’ understanding of a text evolve into something far more nuanced than that with which they began.

I have found that asking students to create a dialogue between themselves and one of the characters or the narrator of a text is a terrific way to invite them into this type of learning. As we read through a text, I ask students to pay attention to moments when characters confuse them, interest them, upset them, or otherwise catch their attention. We keep track of those moments — sometimes as a class, sometimes in individual learning journals — as we progress through the story.

After we’ve finished reading, I ask students to choose one character who has caught their attention most often. Their next task is to develop a dialogue with that character. They start with a series of questions that they would like the character to answer, and then go about trying to answer them from the perspective of the character. The final product is a written dialogue, usually in the form of a script, although sometimes in the form of a letter or email exchange.

What I appreciate about this format is that it encourages students to explore a text, to wonder, to investigate without having a pre-fabricated answer in the form of a thesis. Students tend to finish the exercise more positively than they do that of writing a five-paragraph essay, which is always important for me. (I want to have students leaving my classroom excited about reading, not discouraged by it.)

I’d wager, too, that students have done at least as much hard thinking in the process of creating this dialogue as they have in defining a thesis and mustering evidence to support it.
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Alternatives to the five-paragraph essay: Collaborative Essays

This is part of a series exploring alternatives to the five-paragraph essay. You may also wish to read the series introduction.

The idea for the collaborative essay comes straight from Pirie’s Reshaping High School English. Students begin by writing informal responses to their reading, which become the basis for small-group discussions and written exchanges between students. In their exchanges, students should practice the following:

  • actively listening to the other’s ideas
  • considering how that perspective impacts their own thinking
  • and explaining where they agree and differ.

This exchange can then be transformed into a shared product that develops some of the issues raised. It’s important to emphasize keeping the tone friendly and respectful, as the main goal of this exercise is to stretch students’ thinking and empathy for others’ perspectives. I haven’t tried this alternative yet, but it strikes me as one that lends itself remarkably well to the medium of the blog. In their own blogs, students could reflect on their reading and then comment on one another’s posts. The first round of written exchanges could be accomplished in this way, and would be done in a way that allows students to learn from a broader group of classmates. Using a service like Diigo, which allows for web annotation, I as the facilitator could comment on specific points without getting in the flow of the conversation. I imagine the final product could take the form of a web/wiki page or a paper-based document. The former would allow students to easily reference specific points from their earlier exchanges, thus highlighting their own progression in thought. The latter might be more rigorous, however, taking the discussion offline and putting it in black and white on paper. It’s an alternative that I’m planning on trying next semester with my Grade 12 University students. Providing our school internet security allows us to get onto blogs, of course.

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Alternatives to the five-paragraph essay: Series Introduction

This semester I have been thinking about, reading about, and looking up alternatives to the five paragraph essay. I feel that I’m at a good point in my learning to take stock of what I’ve discovered and invite some feedback.

It probably comes as no surprise that I have become disenchanted with the five paragraph (or 32-sentence) essay. Why? I believe that thoughtful writing is a critical skill that we teachers have the opportunity to encourage our students to develop. I do not believe that every piece of thoughtful writing can be expressed in five neat paragraphs: introduction, three arguments, and conclusion. I believe that the structure of writing should emerge from the ideas and assist in expressing them, rather than strong-arming them into a neat format that, coincidentally, is easy to mark.

Five-paragraph essays are tidy; emerging thinking is not. I wonder if by relying on formulaic writing we are insulating ourselves from the messiness of teaching students how to develop and express an opinion? Teaching a form is relatively easy: a couple of fill-in-the-blank forms go a long way to completing the lesson. Encouraging students to develop and express their ideas is entirely different.

So in the upcoming days, I’ll examine alternatives to the five-paragraph essay that I’ve encountered. Some of these alternatives I’ve tried out in some fashion; some I haven’t yet.

Here’s what’s in store:

  • Collaborative essays
  • Scripted dialogue
  • Reading narratives
  • Multi-genre papers
  • And what I’m calling “The Organic Essay”

One final note: Many of you will recognize Bruce Pirie’s fingerprints all over this series. It would be hard to overestimate the impact that his writing has had on my own teaching practice. If you haven’t read his Reshaping High School English or Teenage boys and high school English, I cannot recommend them highly enough. (If you’re an Ontario teacher, you can borrow a copy from the Ontario College of Teachers library — if I don’t have it out at the time, of course.)

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